1	Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically
2	An in-depth Social Science Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise in memorizing place names.
3	Were we find Geography? Geography exist in the global issues receiving attention at this time things such as Population growth Terrorism Cultural diffusion. Diffusion is defined as the spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations within a community or from one community to another.
4	Location, Location, Location Geography's importance can also be established by looking at community issues, such as: Water supply Pollution Growth management Housing Retail Openings Closures
5	Thinking Geographically In addition to political rule, boundaries can be drawn based on various components of culture including language, religion, values.
6	Questions to Ponder Where would the most desirable places to live be located? What impacts would this population increase cause?
7	Every Story Can be approached from a Geographers Perspective Consider natural events and natural disasters. Do humans choose to live in harm’s way?
8	Spatial analysis Geography by its nature is a spatial science. Geographers therefore study space in order to locate the distribution of people and objects. Geographers ask two main questions, “where” and “why.” Spatial analysis is concerned with analyzing regularities achieved through interaction. Regularities result in a distinctive distribution of a feature. Distribution has three properties: Density Concentration Pattern
9	World Political Boundaries (2004)
10	How Geographers Address Location Maps Early mapmaking Map scale Projection Land Ordinance of 1785 Contemporary Tools GIS Remote sensing GPS
11	Ptolemy’s view of the world c150AD
12	Old Islamic Maps Fulfilling the duties of formal prayers and the pilgrimage, Muslims need to find the direction and routes leading to al Ka'ba from virtually any spot on the globe. The Ka'ba is the house of Abraham in Mecca. And it is the point at which Muslims must face when they perform prayers.
13	Maps of the Marshall Islands
14	Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
15	Examples of Map Projections
16	Township and Range System in the U.S.
17	Layers of a GIS
18	GPS
19	Uniqueness of Places and Regions Place: Unique location of a feature Place names Site Situation Mathematical location Regions: Areas of unique characteristics Cultural landscape Types of regions Regional integration of culture Cultural ecology
20	Site: Lower Manhattan Island
21	Situation: Singapore
22	Djibouti & Lahore
23	World Geographic Grid
24	World Time Zones
25	Election 2000: Regional Differences
26	Formal and Functional Regions
27	Vernacular Regions
28	Vernacular Region - Kurdistan
29	Spatial Association at Various Scales
30	What is Culture? Your book defines culture as a body of customary believes, material trades, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. The Latin root of culture is cultus, which means to care for. Example Agriculture (term for growing things)
31	Cultural Ecology Geographers also consider environmental factors as well as cultural factors, when looking at regions. This is cultural ecology. Basically, this is the geographic study of human-environmental relations. In the 19^th Century – some geographers said that human actions were caused by environmental conditions. (environmental determinism) This is rejected by modern geographers that say some environmental conditions limit human actions. (possibilism) Of course now we are realizing that humans can actually adjust their environment. (For good or bad)
32	World Climate Regions
33	Geomorphology This is the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms.
34	Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
35	Environmental Modification in Florida
36	Similarity of Different Places Scale: From local to global Globalization of economy Globalization of culture Space: Distribution of features Distribution Gender and ethnic diversity in space Connections between places Spatial interaction Diffusion
37	Globalization of the Economy
38	Globalization of culture What are the major Elements of culture? Customary beliefs Social customs Material traits Affects of globalization of culture Fewer local differences Enhanced communications Unequal access Difficulty in maintaining of local traditions There is also globalization of environment Sensitive and insensitive environmental modification
39	Density, Concentration, and Pattern
40	Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
41	Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
42	Spatial Interaction Interdependence exists among places based upon the degree of spatial interaction. Spatial interaction is established through the movement of people, ideas, and objects between regions. For example, Travel has changed considerably over the last 500 years. In the past, most forms of interaction among cultural groups required the physical movement of settlers, explores, and plunders from one place to another. Today travel by car or plane is much faster and communication is instantaneous. When places are connected to each other through a network, geographers say there is a spatial interaction between them.
43	Airline Route Networks
44	Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. The place of origin of the characteristic is called the hearth. For example – US, Canadian, and many Latin cultures can be traced back to the European Hearth. There are two basic types of diffusion: Relocation diffusion Expansion diffusion Expansion Diffusion includes- Hierarchical diffusion Contagious diffusion Stimulus diffusion
45	AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001