1	The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565)
2	Key Concepts of the Reformation End of Religious Unity Attack on the medieval church—its institutions, doctrine, practices and personnel Not the first attempt at reform, but this time frame very unique Word “Protestant” is first used for dissenting German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
3	I. The Church’s Problems Charges of greed Church political power is challenged Growing human confidence vs. the concept of “original sin” Catholic church become defensive in the face of criticism The confusing nature of “New Education”
4	I. The Church’s Problems (cont) The corruption of the Renaissance Papacy European population was increasingly against old church thinking Absenteeism of church leaders The controversy over the sale of indulgences
5	II. Convergence of Unique Circumstances
6	A. Cultural Better educated, urban populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with the power of the Church Society was more humanistic and secular Growing individualism --John Wyclif
7	B. Technological: Printing Press Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
8	C. Political
9	(1) England Notion of the Renaissance Prince Recent War of the Roses created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty --Henry VIII The significance of a male heir to the Tudors
10	(2) The Holy Roman Empire Decentralized politics allowed the Pope to successfully challenge the monarch here New HRE, Charles V, is young, politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Ottoman Turks Circumstances favor Luther
11	D. Spiritual Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within --In Praise of Folly (1510) Call for a translation of the New Testament into other Languages Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
12	III. The Emergence of Protestantism in Europe
13	A. Germany (Northern) Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences Dominican friar Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
14	A. Germany (Northern) Pope pays little attention to the Luther at first Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication Luther goes into hiding in 1521 Constraints against the spread of Luther’s ideas The Peace of Augsburg The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
15	B. England Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon Henry seeks an annulment Catholic Church said no Henry creates the Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it Wives of Henry VIII --Catherine of Aragon - Divorced --Anne Boleyn – Executed --Jane Seymour – Died --Anne of Cleves – Divorced --Katherine Howard – Executed --Katherine Parr - Widowed
16	B. England (cont) The brief reign of Edward VI The rule of “Bloody” Mary Return of the Marian exiles to England from Geneva -- “Puritans” Queen Elizabeth I The attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588 -- Guy Fawkes tries to overthrow Elizabeth Elizabeth allows some religious freedom
17	C. Switzerland
18	(1) Zurich Very urban, cosmopolitan setting Reformer Ulrich Zwingli Viewed Mass as a memorial to Jesus Zwingli also opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, and Sainthood. The death of Zwingli
19	(2) Geneva (French-speaking) John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564 Geneva became the model Protestant training center Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law The city virtually becomes a “theocracy” Self-discipline and the “Protestant Work Ethic”
20	D. France King Francis I was initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his ideas stayed in Germany Protestantism made illegal in France in 1534 Persecution of the Huguenots St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre King Henry and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
21	E. Other Parts of Western Europe No Protestant inroads into Spain or Italy Protestantism succeeded only where it was urban and supported initially by the nobility After 1540, no new Protestant territories outside of the Netherlands Most powerful European nations were Catholic Protestants were feuding with each other
22	IV. Reformation Ideas
23	A. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Concept of Salvation by Faith Alone Authority of the Scriptures Alone Luther’s German Translation of the New Testament Against the Peasant Revolt of 1525 All Vocations are pleasing to God
24	B. John Calvin (1509-1564) Predestination More of a stress on works than Luther Divine calling to all sorts of vocations The “invisibility” of the True Church Government serves the Church --Michael Servetus War can be just
25	C. Radical Reformers
26	C. Radical Reformers Desire to return to the primitive, first-century Church High standard of morality valued and pursued Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants Ardent missionaries who were harassed for their zeal
27	Radical Reformers (cont) Free will—all can be saved Adult, “believer” baptism Social and economic equality Pacifism Separation of Church and State Unity of the “visible” and “invisible” Church Stressed role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer— “inner light” Simplicity of life and millenarianism—living in the last days
28	V. The Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Response
29	Ingredients Reformation shaped the form and rapidity of the Catholic response Council of Trent (1545-1563) The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)—1534 --Ignatius Loyola The Inquisition The Index of Books Religious warfare and a new Bible
30	VI. Results of the Reformation Germany was politically weakened and fragmented Christian Church was splintered in the West 100 Years of Religious Warfare Right of Rebellion introduced by both Jesuits and Calvinists Pope’s power increased Furthered individualism and secularism
31	VI. Results of Reformation (cont) Political stability valued over religious truth Calvinism boosted the commercial revolution Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600’s --Between 1561-1670, 3000 people in Germany, 9000 people in Switzerland and 1000 people in England were executed as witches