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2	"Natural Law" Natural Law: rule or law that governs human nature Social Contract: Natural right: right that belong to all humans from birth Philosophe: enlightened thinkers who used science to improve society Physiocrat: enlightened thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics Laissez Faire: policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.
3	"Censorship" Censorship: restriction on access to ideas and information. Salon: informal gathering where ideas and information were exchanged. Enlightened Despot: absolute ruler who used their power to bring about change. Baroque: ornate style of art and architecture. Rococo: elegant style of art and architecture.
4	"The Enlightenment was an intellectual..." The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18^th century that led to a whole new world view.
5	"According to the 18^th- century..." According to the 18^th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)
6	"Religion" Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular
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10	"Most famous philosophe" Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Voltaire attacked intolerance in society, politics, and religion. Championed social, political, and religious tolerance He lived in the court of Frederick the Great for a time, and he was friends with Catherine the Great. “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
11	"Major achievement of the philosophes" Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Denis Diderot helped translate the English Cyclopedia into French
12	"Denis Diderot and Jean Le..." Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert Banned by the Catholic Church By the time the Encyclopédie finally reached completion, it contained nearly 72,000 articles accompanied by numerous illustrations.
13	"Applied rational analysis to the..." Applied rational analysis to the study of government Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler Without a monarch to exercise control, Hobbes wrote that people’s lives would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
14	"The “State of Nature" The “State of Nature” He believed that all men were equal in the state of nature because they were “creatures of the same species and rank” Tabula rasa We started life in a “blank slate” upon which environment and experience would transcribe ideas and beliefs. Locke saw human nature as something that was externally determined rather than internally determined
15	"Treatises of Government" Treatises of Government attacked the divine right of kings and authoritarian government. He promoted a constitutional monarchy that derived its power from the law and from the consent of the people. Rights individuals had natural rights, which he referred to as “all the rights and privileges of the law of Nature.”
16	"Philosophized on the nature of..." Philosophized on the nature of society and government The Social Contract individuals forming a society entered into a “social compact” with one another. the social compact obligated members of society to subordinate their “natural liberty” to “the supreme direction of the general will.”
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19	"Changing views" Changing views Role of education crucial for moral development and for society to function as close to ideal as possible. Equality advocated education for women
20	"Declaration of the Rights of..." Declaration of the Rights of Man Wollstonecraft had been living in Paris during the French Revolution and knew many of its leaders. A Vindication of the Rights of Women outline on the inequalities that existed between the sexes. disheartened that the leaders of the Revolution did not extend equality to women.
21	"Education" Education felt that denying education to women would deprive them of the tools they needed to properly exercise their reason. Women’s rights movement Many regard her writings as the beginning of the modern women’s rights movement.
22	"Criticized the French Revolution" Criticized the French Revolution for continuing to “oppress” women The Rights of Women “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” Executed in 1793 For criticizing the bloodshed of the revolution.
23	"Most of Europe ruled by..." Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices
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26	"Russian ruler" Russian ruler Well-versed in Enlightenment works “Westernizing” Russia
27	"Domestic reforms" Domestic reforms composed a plan to completely overhaul the legal code. Other measures she instituted promoted education, relaxed the censorship law, and restricted the use of torture. Ended Enlightenment ideas after the “Peasant Revolt” like Frederick, Catherine’s devotion to Enlightenment ideals only went so far.
28	"Austrian ruler" Austrian ruler Government reforms streamlined many aspects of government and the military. The serfs in the later years of her rule she strove to improve the lives of serfs by reducing the power nobles had over them. Son—Joseph II
29	"Ruled as coregent with his..." Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Joseph’s reforms Religious toleration Control over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdom
30	"Swedish ruler" Swedish ruler Read French Enlightenment works Reforms issued an ordinance providing for freedom of the press, he abolished torture, he supported complete religious freedom, he encouraged free trade and removed export tolls, he shored up the country’s weakened currency, and he even invented a national costume that became quite popular for a while. Absolutism grown weary of battling with the Swedish Parliament and the nobility eventually assassinated
31	"French ruler" French ruler Military career Rise to power seized power by engineering a coup d’etat in 1799 that effectively ended the French Revolution instituted a number of reforms that were in line with Enlightenment ideals.
32	"Reforms" Reforms Education Open to all citizens Law created a uniform set of laws known as the Civil Code of 1804. In some areas, the laws reflected Enlightenment principles. Equality for all male citizens
33	"Influence of Locke" Influence of Locke, Montesquieu The Declaration of Independence drew upon Locke’s concepts of natural rights and equality in the “state of nature” “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
34	"Separation of powers" Separation of powers Checks and balances
35	"The American Revolution" The American Revolution The Estates General
36	"Adopted by National Assembly in..." Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
37	"Government" Government Society Education